Annotated bibliography

Research question: With the growing immigration trend, what is the impact of the same on education attainment?

Betts, R., Julian and Lofstrom, Magnus. The educational attainment of immigrants: Trends and implications. Issues in the Economics of Immigration, 2000: 55-116. Print.

Main point: The rising immigration rate in America has had an impact on the country’s labor force. This has resulted to a reduction of wages earned by Native Americans. In this respect, immigration has affected education attainment of the immigrants compared to that of the American natives. There is a belief that overcrowding of immigrants in education lowers the effectiveness of education among the natives.  On the other hand, natives can resolve to acquire more education in respect to the increasing in-flow of less-skilled immigrants in the labor market.

Facts: A research was conducted on education attainment among natives and immigrants from 1970, 1980 and 1990 national census. It emerged that a trend of education attainment increased among the natives in 1970s and 1980s. However, this reduced during 1990s as the education attainment among the immigrants increased.

Methods: The research relies heavily on linear probability models to estimate education enrollment and graduation probabilities among natives and immigrants.

Comments: This research provides an insight on how immigration has affected education attainment for both the immigrants and natives. The research offers an insight into understanding the current trends of education among ethnic groups in America, as well as the current labor market.

Betts, R., Julian. Have inflows of immigrants diminished natives’ educational attainment? A review. Occasional Papers, 1999: 1-13. Print.

Main points: Immigrants can only affect the quality of education if they overcrowd the education system. However, if this were true, natives would have a higher chance to pursue education beyond high school and college levels. Therefore, the immigration inflow can either affect education among natives negatively or positively.

Facts: An increase of immigrants’ population by 0.005 percent lowered schooling years by 0.29%, 0.175, 0.1% and 0.06% for Asians, Hispanics, blacks and white respectively from 1970 and 1990.

Methods: The research reviews data from census and current population survey data.

Comments: The research is critical in assessing the impact of immigrants in the education sector. Moreover, the research gives an insight into the formulation of policies that will counter the reduction of education attainment among the American natives. Moreover, the research will be critical for education policy makers in establishing programs that prevent diminishing education quality in the United States.

Cruz, Vanessa. Educational attainment of first and second generation immigrant youth. Summer Academy for Public Policy Analysis and Research, 2009, 5:1-16. Print.

Main points: Immigrant youth in America is an example of the continued immigration rate in the last three decades. Most of the immigrant youth have at least one of their parents as an American-born immigrant. The second generation immigrant youth are an example of Americanization or assimilation of immigrant cultures into mainstream American culture. Apparently, this has been made possible through education of immigrant youth together with the native youth.

Facts: Education attainment among second generation immigrant youth is more than that of the first generation immigrants. Both groups have a mean education attainment of 12.7 years. However, the second generation immigrant youth group has a median education attainment level of 13 years.

Methods: The research uses descriptive statistics without using control groups. The research use regression models to explain variables in the study.

Comments: The study was highly exploratory and can be used as a foundation to research on other variables that influence education attainment among American immigrants.

Hunt, Jennifer. The impact of immigration on the educational attainment of natives. NBER Working Paper No. 18047, 2012: 1-13. Print.

Main points: There is a concern that increasing immigration in the last few years has a negative effect in quality of K-12 education. Most of the immigrants are non-English speaking and slow the pace of education in a class with native students. There has been a concern that immigrant learners usurp resources that could have been used to increase education attainment among the natives. Most teachers are now lowering their expectations among native students since more time is used to accommodate and help non-native students.

Facts: The probability of native students completing K-12 education increases by a small magnitude. This is in comparison to the increasing immigration rate. An example of such is that a mean completion rate of 86.8% among native learners aged between 11-64 years correlates to 8.9% of immigrant students.

Methods: The research tests are based on linear probability regression technique. The research methodologies borrow heavily on descriptive techniques in analyzing existing research and census data.

Comments:  This research study gives an insight on how education attainment among Native Americans is reducing. With the research estimation techniques, education attainment among natives in future years can be predicted. Perhaps the government and education policy makers can use this information to improve education among Native Americans in relation to increasing immigration.

Kao, Grace and Tienda, Marta. Optimism and achievement: The educational performance of immigrant youth. Social Science Quarterly, 1995: 1-21. Print.

Main points: The immigrant’s communities in America are culturally diverse and have increased in volume since 1960. A lot of assimilation has taken place among the immigrants’ cultural values. Nonetheless, the American education has a played a critical role in assimilation of cultures in the United States. This has seen an increase of education attainment among the immigrants.

Facts: Research shows that immigrants’ parents have a lot of optimism for their children and want them to acquire American education. This is the reason behind good education performance among immigrant youth compared to their native counterparts.

Methods: The research reviews the National Educational Longitudinal survey of the year 1988.

Comments: This research study can be used to project the second generation immigrants’ performance in education. Moreover, the research study provides an insight on how importance education is essential to American immigrants.

Lowell, B. Lindsay, Gelatt, Julia and Batalova, Jeanne. Immigrants and labor force trends: The future, past and present. Migration Policy Institute, 2006, 17: 1-31. Print.

Main points: The current immigration rate in America is projected to comprise a half of the American labor force in the coming years. In this respect, uncertainties of the American economy and support of the growing population in terms of healthcare, jobs and education is critical. 18 percent of the American labor force will comprise of college-educated work force. On the other hand, more than 30 percent of works will be low-skilled. The current immigration rate poses future challenges, which may have negative consequences on matters affecting the labor force, as well as education.

Facts: Currently, immigrants are increasing the American labor force by 10% every year. Labor force projections show that labor force will increase by 13 percent by the year 2030. This means that labor force among the educated natives will slow down.

Methods: The study uses projection and estimate methodologies, past research records, immigration records and census information.

Comments: Although the rising immigration rate will be a challenge in the United States, observers predict that immigration will be a solution for the growing economic demand. This will be achieved through an increase on immigrants education attainment compared to that of the natives. At the moment, American natives cannot solve American challenges except through a college-educated labor force. This research provides an insight on America’s future challenges, as well as possible solutions on the same.

Bibliography

Betts, R., Julian and Lofstrom, Magnus. The educational attainment of immigrants: Trends and implications. Issues in the Economics of Immigration, 2000, 55-116. Print.

Betts, R., Julian. Have inflows of immigrants diminished natives’ educational attainment? A review. Occasional Papers, 1999: 1-13. Print.

Cruz, Vanessa. Educational attainment of first and second generation immigrant youth. Summer Academy for Public Policy Analysis and Research, 2009, 5:1-16. Print.

Hunt, Jennifer. The impact of immigration on the educational attainment of natives. NBER Working Paper No. 18047, 2012: 1-13. Print.

Kao, Grace and Tienda, Marta. Optimism and achievement: The educational performance of immigrant youth. Social Science Quarterly, 1995: 1-21. Print.

Lowell, B. Lindsay, Gelatt, Julia and Batalova, Jeanne. Immigrants and labor force trends: The future, past and present. Migration Policy Institute, 2006, 17: 1-31. Print.