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Please Read this information answer all questions and wright three page essay!!

Activity 3.6 We know that advertising is used to sell us a product and you’ve looked at advertisements already ( Activity 1.4 ). It’s worth looking at advertisements

again because it’s fun and also because thinking about the political ideologies they might communicate can be challenging. To put it in other words, advertisements

don’t only sell a

product, but also an idea, a way of looking at life €“ an ideology. Find an advertisement you think has a political ideology, or just choose an example and then try to

figure out what the political ideology is. The following questions might help. 1. Why does the advertiser think that we as consumers should go out and buy this

product? Be as specific as you can. What ideology does this rely on? What world view are we asked to accept? 2. Who is promoting the product: is it an expert, a

celebrity or a normal’ person? Why do you think the person was chosen? What kind of symbolic capital does the person have? What would be the effect of another

spokesperson? 3. Is there anything political about this message? Remember that the political is associated with power. Other people are drawn to this world view

as audience members at different levels of engagement. In other words, the guys use language and the particular identities they construct to persuade people to

watch their channel and to engage in their social network. Significantly, over time, they develop their own in-group

Significantly, over time, they develop their own in-group communicative rules and norms. Moreover, without specifying a political agenda , they may well shape

people’s world view and can be understood as being part of a political debate regarding gay rights. This is a powerful mode of engagement as it is entertaining,

enjoyable and informative. New media technology allows interaction with people we might not otherwise be able to speak with. It also allows us to connect with

people who share our values and world views. Political language and ideologies are not always just about government policies, elections and legislation. If we

understand politics as being about how society is organised, how people interact , the choices that are made in representations and the kinds of things that can be

thought and said without adverse consequences , everything is political. 3.6 ANALYSING EVERYDAY CONVERSATIONS Metaphors, pronouns , contrastive pairs and

three-part statements are, as we have seen, important tools in political speeches. But as I established in the introduction, political language is not just a

phenomenon that occurs in the world of politicians . Every day we engage in situations where we struggle for

power. It is important to recognise the political aspects in these situations as well as being aware of the tools that are used by politicians to persuade us of their

agenda. We have looked at how language can be used to influence ideas about the role of universities and the way language is used in new media such as the

internet in order to move away from a restrictive understanding of the political. Hopefully you will have realised that the persuasive strategies that politicians use

are exactly the same ones you might use to convince someone to do something. Thinking about our own everyday communication as political reminds us that

every communicative event negotiates and constructs a particular relationship. Power is always a potentially important part of this negotiation. The home life of a

family is one arena where political debate takes place. Families are political bodies in that certain members review, judge, formulate codes of conduct, make

decisions and impose sanctions that evaluate and impact the actions, conditions, thoughts and feelings of other members’ (Ochs and Taylor 1992: 301). The

different members of a family have authority over each other and can influence the way other members act and think. In their research, Ochs and Taylor looked at

the family dinner as a political event. They looked at the way in which different family members talked to each other and exchanged stories ,

and questioned each other’s behaviour, during a family meal. Example 1 Mother: Oh:: You know what? you wanna tell Daddy what happened to you today? = Father:

Tell me everything that happened from the moment you went in -until: Example 2 Mother: Jodie tell Daddy then what happened. (1992: 324) Following these

utterances, the child goes on to tell a story of the day’s events. These examples are similar to the conversations which happen in many other families . During the

family meal, the children of the family tell more stories than the parents . But the stories they tell are very often initiated by the parents. The parents can control the

conversation and positively or negatively evaluate their reported behaviour and the way they tell their stories. They have the power to decide topics and

conversation direction. You can probably think of many other occasions in your home life where parents have

authority and express this verbally. Other forms of control exist and are obvious at a more local level. Conversational dominance is the phrase used to refer to

strategies which enable speakers to dominate their partners in talk’ (Coates 1998: 161). The way one party in a conversation can dominate the other is a clear

example of situations where the struggle for power is won. In a 1977 study , West and Zimmerman found that men often dominate women in conversations: Female:

How’s your paper coming? = Male: Alright I guess (-) I haven’t done much in the past two weeks. (1.8) Female: Yeah::: know how that can Male: Hey, ya’ got an extra

cigarette? (-) Female: Oh sure (( hands him the pack)). Like my pa

Male: How bout a match? (1.2) Female: Ere ya go uh like my pa Male: Thanks (1.8) Female: Sure (-) I was gonna tell you my Male: Hey, I’d really like ta’ talk but I

gotta run (-) see ya (3.2) Female: Yeah (adapted from West and Zimmerman 1998: 172) In this exchange the female is completely silenced. The male dominates the

conversation and does not listen to a word of what she is saying (see section 5.6.2 ). West and Zimmerman found that the men in their data often used certain

strategies, such as interruption, giving no response, providing a delayed response or simply remaining silent to dominate conversations with women (see Chapter 5

). Do these findings sound right to you?

The study by West and Zimmerman was carried out in 1977. Is the difference in conversational power still there today? Activity 3.7 Next time you are with more than

one member of your family (or a group of friends), make a note of the roles people play. For example, who asks questions? Does one member ask others for stories

(perhaps by asking how their day was)? Do some people question behaviour of others? Do some talk more than others? Taking note of this kind of detail will allow

you to make a political portrait’ of your own family/ friends. This is even something you might do using the classroom as your data site.