Question 1:
Ethnic-based political contrivances, usually allied with the Democratic Party, came to polling power in many city governments in the early 19th century. New immigrants came into the city changing the normal layout of things. This made local growth coalitions very upset. They claimed that ethnic machines were appointing their supporters to government jobs and selfishly awarding government contracts after raising taxes. The urban policy network carried out strategies that made it hard for Democrats and socialists to hold positions in the election. Some reforms were then introduced.
Another problem that they faced was that the local elections and national elections should not be held in the same year. This reduced the turnout for voters for local elections; a phenomena that favored conservative candidates. This reform disintegrated policy connections at national and local hierarchies. Also, a reform that districts dismissed the use of districts a congressional level was introduced. This was because the obstacles that the city council faced were faced by the city as a whole and not by mere neighborhoods. This action presented a burden on the neighborhood leaders in that they did not have the money and the recognition required to win.
Average income people were also affected by a reform that made it unaffordable to serve on city councils. This was after it was passed that serving in the council would a have to done in a Good Samaritan way to prove that one is devoid of corrupt practices. Political scientists Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward argue that many low income voters do not take part in polls simply because they think they do not make a difference. Also, they also tend to have difficulty in registeration requirements. Some have been systematically excluded from the voting process.
In the final reformation, the growth coalitions experienced a great impact. This is when it was argued that the city would be treated as a corporation under the guidance of board of directors. This meant that all the mayor overseeing that had currently been employed would have to be eliminated. Furthermore, the city council was to replace the name ‘mayor’ with ‘city manager’. Each attempt to pledge universal coverage was counterattacked by influential special interests. They had the tendency to use any weapon at hand to keep financing health services a private endeavor.