Anatomy and Physiology of plants and animals

Student name

Brief introduction/Brief understanding of what the lab is about

The laboratory report aims at carrying out a health survey on employees using regular and systematic procedures that are significant in detecting illnesses arising from the working environment. The lab carries out these surveys to use them in treating and controlling health risks posed by the working environment for efficiency and effectiveness with high returns from the employees. In this case, the survey concentrates on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) through audiometric tests to determine the hearing sensitivity of individuals to different frequencies of sound[1]. The audiometric results for each employee are recordedand they get to determine their hearing status in order to make it possible for control and treatment of any defect detected.

The health surveillance becomes necessary in a case where the workers are at risk of having hearing problems, for instance, workers in a noisy factory. Since they could be using hearing protective gears, there is always a possibility of excessive noise that is dangerous to an individual’s eardrum.For this reason, any indication that a worker has a hearing problem is of major concern prompting the carrying out of the audiometric test. Using the past records of an individual becomes easy to determine the hearing defectiveness. In addition, through analysis of the working patterns, it is possible to determine the workers at risk and, therefore, carry out the hearing test.

Having identified the workers to undergo an NIHL health surveillance, the audiometric testing system comes into play. The technician to carry out the test ought to be fully conversant and competent in the service in order to come up with valid results. Briefly, the health surveillance exercise aims at identifying individuals with hearing problems and carrying out necessary tests to determine the intensity of the hearing defect.

In the end, this protects and helps improve the sensory perceptions of workers in a working environment.
Summary of the method

Audiometry is the method used for measuring the hearing sensitivity of individuals. The audiometer measures an individual’s capability to hear various pitches, sounds or frequencies. The method detects whether an individual has a damaged nerve, eardrum, cochlea or the ossicle bones. An individual’s ability is measured throught the test to hear the softest sound possible. The unit for measuring sound loudness is in Decibels (dB). Loud music measures about 80-120 dB whereas a whisper is about 20dB. Measuring of sound tone is in frequencies denoted by HZ. The range of low tones in base is between 50-60 HZ and for the high pitches is over 10,000HZ.
A soundproof cubicle is appropriate for the audiometry test. One puts on earphones and remains silent with the earphones connected to an audiometry machine[2]. An individual follows the instructions of the audiologist, ranging from repeating words heard or raising up the hand whenever a sound comes out. Depending on the level of hearing damage, different audiometers come into use. The three available types for minor to severe defects are the monitoring and diagnostic audiometers respectively. After carrying out the tests, it is now possible for the medical officers to diagnose an individual depending on the Pure Tone Audiogram or tests on Bone Conduction.
 

 

 

Results of each activity (Data table) & measurements explanation of data, & results

SUBJECT A (36 years)

FREQUENCY (HZ) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 HEARING LEVEL (dB) LEFT EAR 20 20 12 15 32 22 9 RIGHT EAR 20 23 11 45 44 21 10

 

The data indicates that the left ear is under the normal hearing range. ear could be having a mild loss of hearing since the level of hearing is above 25 when the tones go high.

SUBJECT B (32 years)

FREQUENCY (HZ) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 HEARING LEVEL (dB) LEFT EAR 34 31 20 20 35 31 19 RIGHT EAR 21 31 25 23 31 30 30

 

The measurements show that the individual has a problem in both ears. As the tones increase, the individual seems to have a mild loss of hearing. Therefore, the individual could have been exposed to a lot of noise at an earlier age.

SUBJECT C (46 years)

FREQUENCY (HZ) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 HEARING LEVEL (dB) LEFT EAR 35 38 42 42 50 60 56 RIGHT EAR 38 25 35 45 52 60 56

 

Given that the individual is 46 years old, the audiometry test clearly shows that he has developed a hearing loss with increased tones in both ears. Thus has a problem in hearing low voices.

 

SUBJECT D (60 years)

FREQUENCY (HZ) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 HEARING LEVEL (dB) LEFT EAR 40 32 34 67 60 83 81 RIGHT EAR 26 30 66 60 52 65 58

 

The measurements indicate clearly that the individual suffers from a severe loss with the increase of pitches and sounds. As a result, both ears have an intense damage given that he is at an old age whereby the defect is much intense.

SUBJECT E (24 years)

FREQUENCY (HZ) 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 HEARING LEVEL (dB) LEFT EAR 28 25 23 15 18 12 11 RIGHT EAR 30 30 15 14 10 14 14

 

This individual has a hearing capability under the normal range. Both ears are still okay and intense noise or sound does not affect his hearing capability.
Discussion: The meaning of what you have and did

The information is a representation of individuals with different capabilities of hearing. The first case shows that the air-conduction thresholds are within normal limits in both ears. There is no indication to carry out any bone-conduction threshold measurement, as this will not add any further useful information[3]. The bone conduction thresholds are always, at least theoretically, as good as or better than the air conduction thresholds andtherefore, in this case, they too will be in normal range.
As the years progress, air-conduction thresholds show a symmetrical sloping hearing loss that is more marked at higher frequencies[4]. The bone conduction thresholds show a similar pattern. Although it is not possible to say that, whichever it is, there is no possibility of a significant air-bone gap in either ear. For this reason, no further useful information would be obtained by carrying out themasked bone-conduction threshold measurement for each separately.

The audiogram shows a symmetrical bilateral loss but this time with a flat configuration. Clearly, there is a significant hearing loss and further assessment is necessary to ascertain whether there may be a conductive factor present. The bone-conduction threshold in one ear must be at or around the levels obtained without masking, but the loss in the other ear could be entirely, for the right ear, it will be necessary to use masking. Having done this, there is still clearly the possibility that the air-conduction thresholds for the right ear are “shadow” thresholds. The thresholds could be resulting from the sound crossing over the head and perceived to the left, or non-test, cochlea. For the elimination of this possibility, it will be necessary to determine the right ear air-conduction thresholds with masking the left ear.

In the audiogram, the results for both air and bone conduction are likely to be a result of vibrocatile rather than auditory perception. Additionally, an amount of individual variability in vibrocatile perception occurs, and it impossible to state with certainty that this is occurring but rather to bear in mind the possibility that this may be the case.

 

 

In carrying out the audiometric tests, the first frequency had to be above the threshold. This was necessary for the employees to get a clear voice and enable them to make correct responses. The first tone had to be a bit prolonged, and it was necessary to ensure that the employee held the button for entire testing period[5]. The dB signal started at a high pitch to determine the hearing capacity of the individuals; after that the frequencies were under regulation to test the hearing capacity at different levels.

In cases of symmetrical bilateral hearing loss, masking is not usually required, and interpretation of results is straightforward. In cases of asymmetric or conductive hearing loss, there is need careful interpretation and masked threshold measurement may be necessary. In general, obtaining an audiogram without masking, the better-ear air-conduction thresholds are accurate and they reflect the status of a better cochlea. The results at hand,for this reason, indicate the varied loss of hearing among the employees. This could be because of prolonged exposure to manynoises. However, the young individuals appear to have sound hearing systems that are in danger in case there is no regulation of noise patterns. The employee with 60 years has presbyacusis because of continued exposure to noise that could have led to the damage of the eardrum and cochlea.
Conclusion: Brief Review

The main purpose of the health survey was to determine the hearing capabilities of workers and detect any defectives on employees that appeared to have a problem. The audiometer was of significant use, in this case. For this reason, the employees got into a soundproof cubicle that was silent to minimize outer sounds and concentrate on the employee. Different sounds and at different pitches or frequencies were played to determine the response of individuals to the sounds produced. The frequencies went to a high of 8000 Hz, which was necessary to determine the extent of their hearing impairment.

Recording of the results for each individual was necessary for analysis and help in the determination of the necessary steps to take and asses the level of ear damage. Carrying out of the tests was tedious; however, the necessity precipitated its execution. The reaction from each employee was different in relation to his age. It is evident that as individuals age, they start developing hearing problems that could later worsen and affect their productivity. The young individuals whose hearing capability appeared to be in jeopardy could be because of exposure to high levels of noise that is destructive[6]. All the tests were on male, a factor that makes it difficult to conclude on gender hearing sensitiveness on age and working environment.

Color blindness

Introduction

Human beings are considered to have complex nervous system the same to most animals. A major function that nervous system plays is to detect body’s condition and inform the brain thus providing detailed information about the environment. Further, the nervous system coordinates movements and translates, perceives, and responds to the stimuli in the environment such as taste and light.

On the other hand, colour blindness can be described as the colour vision deficiency which is inherited. As researched, red-green colour blindness was found to be the most common type of colour blindness. When not treated, it results to a green and red sensitive cones deficiency. Individuals suffering from this deficiency will have a problem in differentiating between greens and reds.

Aim

The main aim of this experiment is to create awareness of the used senses in our daily life.

Summary of the method

Procedure of determining the Eye Dominance

For determination of eye dominance, we are required to focus on objects few feet’s away with both eyes open. Thereafter, we are close and reopen one eye. Then, close the other eye and reopen it.

Results

According to the experiment performed in the lab, one eye seems to be direct in line with the object. You are considered a right or left eye dominance depending with the eye that is direct with the object. However, if the object was in the middle of both left and right eye, it is considered to be a central eye dominant.

Eye dominance determines how we always see and react to the world and the surrounding. For instance, right handed tennis players have their right hand on the upper position that controls whenever they hit. According to statistics, almost 65% of the cricketers are considered to be right eye and seen as right hand dominant. On the other part, about 17% are considered to be cross dominant while the other 18% have no eye dominance. The same players will see the world in a certain point halfway between the eyes.

Conclusion

     According to the survey and lab research conducted, many people have problems with their vision and eye dominance. The experiments create ways and solutions to these individuals to access the information about their vision.

 

 

Bibliographies

Acoustics: Audiometric Test Methods. Ed. 2. ed. Pretoria: SABS Standards Division, 2011. Print.

Baiduc, Rachael R. Beyond Audiometric Phenotype Toward a Differential Diagnosis for Presbycusis. 2014. Print.

Busacco, Debra. Audiologic Interpretation across the Lifespan. Print.

Haughton, P. M. Acoustics for Audiologists. San Diego, Calif: Academic, 2002. Print.

Hearing Assessment in Dental Practitioners and Other Academic Professionals from an Urban Setting. BioMed Central, 2014. Print.

Madell, Jane Reger. Pediatric Audiology: Diagnosis, Technology, and Management. New York: Thieme, 2008. Print.

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[1] Acoustics: Audiometric Test Methods. Ed. 2. ed. Pretoria: SABS Standards Division, 2011. Print.

 

[2] Baiduc, Rachael R. Beyond Audiometric Phenotype Toward a Differential Diagnosis for Presbycusis. 2014. Print.

 

[3] Busacco, Debra. Audiologic Interpretation across the Lifespan. Print.

 

[4] Hearing Assessment in Dental Practitioners and Other Academic Professionals from an Urban Setting. BioMed Central, 2014. Print.

 

[5] Haughton, P. M. Acoustics for Audiologists. San Diego, Calif: Academic, 2002. Print.

[6] Madell, Jane Reger. Pediatric Audiology: Diagnosis, Technology, and Management. New York: Thieme, 2008. Print.