Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms that contribute to resistance against nucleoside analogues. Referencing Requirements: Blagosklonny, M. 2005, œCarcinogenesis, cancer therapy and chemoprevention, Cell Death & Differentiation, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 592- 602. Bunn, P.A.,Jr 1999, œTriplet chemotherapy with gemcitabine, a platinum, and a third agent in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer, Seminars in oncology, vol. 26, no. 1 Suppl 4, pp. 25-30. Deshpande, G.P., Hayles, J., Hoe, K.L., Kim, D.U., Park, H.O. & Hartsuiker, E. 2009, œScreening a genome-wide S. pombe deletion library identifies novel genes and pathways involved in genome stability maintenance, DNA repair, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 672-679. Evan, G.I. & Vousden, K.H. 2001, œProliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer, Nature, vol. 411, no. 6835, pp. 342-348. Galmarini, C.M., Mackey, J.R. & Dumontet, C. 2002, œNucleoside analogues and nucleobases in cancer treatment, The lancet oncology, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 415-424. Galmarini, C.M., Warren, G., Kohli, E., Zeman, A., Mitin, A. & Vinogradov, S.V. 2008, œPolymeric nanogels containing the triphosphate form of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues show antitumor activity against breast and colorectal cancer cell lines, Molecular cancer therapeutics, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 3373. Galmarini, C., Mackey, J. & Dumontet, C. 2001, œNucleoside analogues: mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal strategies., Leukemia: official journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, UK, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 875. Glisson, B.S. & Ross, W.E. 1987, œDNA topoisomerase II: a primer on the enzyme and its unique role as a multidrug target in cancer chemotherapy, Pharmacology & therapeutics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 89-106. Hajdo, L., Szulc, A.B., Klajnert, B. & Bryszewska, M. 2010, œMetabolic limitations of the use of nucleoside analogs in cancer therapy may be overcome by application of nanoparticles as drug carriers: A review, Drug Development Research, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 383-394. Huang, R., Wallqvist, A. & Covell, D.G. 2006, œTargeting changes in cancer: assessing pathway stability by comparing pathway gene expression coherence levels in tumor and normal tissues, Molecular cancer therapeutics, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 2417. Igney, F.H. & Krammer, P.H. 2002, œDeath and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 277-288. Page 16 of 18 ???BSM-4109-0 Project Preparation 2012 ???Järvinen, T., Kononen, J., Pelto-Huikko, M. & Isola, J. 1996, œExpression of topoisomerase IIalpha is associated with rapid cell proliferation, aneuploidy, and c-erbB2 overexpression in breast cancer., The American journal of pathology, vol. 148, no. 6, pp. 2073. Kang, S.P. & Saif, M.W. 2008, œPharmacogenomics and pancreatic cancer treatment. Optimizing current therapy and individualizing future therapy, JOP, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 251-266. Kantarjian, H., Gandhi, V., Cortes, J., Verstovsek, S., Du, M., Garcia-Manero, G., Giles, F., Faderl, S., O’Brien, S. & Jeha, S. 2003, œPhase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia, Blood, vol. 102, no. 7, pp. 2379-2386. Lee, J.H. & Paull, T.T. 2005, œATM activation by DNA double-strand breaks through the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex, Science’s STKE, vol. 308, no. 5721, pp. 551. Loeb, K.R. & Loeb, L.A. 2000, œSignificance of multiple mutations in cancer, Carcinogenesis, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 379-385. Loeb, L.A., Loeb, K.R. & Anderson, J.P. 2003, œMultiple mutations and cancer, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 776. Lynch, B.J., Guinee, D.G. & Holden, J.A. 1997, œHuman DNA topoisomerase II-alpha: a new marker of cell proliferation in invasive breast cancer, Human pathology, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1180-1188. Martin, S.A., Hewish, M., Lord, C.J. & Ashworth, A. 2010, œGenomic instability and the selection of treatments for cancer, The Journal of pathology, vol. 220, no. 2, pp. 281-289. Milas, L., Mason, K.A., Liao, Z. & Ang, K.K. 2003, œChemoradiotherapy: emerging treatment improvement strategies, Head & neck, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 152-167. Parker, W.B. 2009, œEnzymology of purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites used in the treatment of cancer, Chemical reviews, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 2880. Parker, W., Secrist, J. & Waud, W. 2004, œPurine nucleoside antimetabolites in development for the treatnment of cancer, Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 592-596. Plunkett, W. & Saunders, P.P. 1991, œMetabolism and action of purine nucleoside analogs, Pharmacology & therapeutics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 239-268. Page 17 of 18 ???BSM-4109-0 Project Preparation 2012 ???Pommier, Y., Leo, E., Zhang, H.L. & Marchand, C. 2010, œDNA topoisomerases and their poisoning by anticancer and antibacterial drugs, Chemistry & biology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 421-433. Robak, T., Korycka, A., Kasznicki, M., Wrzesien-Kus, A. & Smolewski, P. 2005, œPurine nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hematological malignancies: pharmacology and clinical applications, Current Cancer Drug Targets, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 421-444. Schwartz, G.K. & Shah, M.A. 2005, œTargeting the cell cycle: a new approach to cancer therapy,