Human Biology

1. Where does lymph come from?

2. List the primary lymphatic organs. List the secondary lymphatic organs.

3. What structures allow the lymph to enter the cardiovascular system?

4. Why is the thymus so critical in immunity?

5. Can a person live without a spleen?

6. Explain the difference between innate and adaptive immunity.

7. Identify one physical and one chemical barrier of the body to infectious pathogens.

8. What are the primary indicators of the inflammatory response and what is the main chemical released by tissue that results in this response?

9. What type of white blood cells may become pus following response to an infection?

10. What role do interferons play in body defense?

11. Identify and explain one action that complement proteins perform to help defend the body against pathogens.

12. (a) What is the difference between antibodies and antigens? (b) Which type of molecule are gamma globulins (antibodies or antigens)?

13. Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for adapted defenses?

14. List the three types of T cells and give the function for each.

15. Consider B-cells. What are the two types and which of these types actively secretes antibodies?

16. Which type of lymphocyte needs the assistance of an antigen presenting cell (APC) to recognize an antigen? Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

17. What type of immunity results from receiving a gamma globulin injection of prepared antibodies? What type of immunity results from receiving an immunization?

18. What type of T-cell is infected by the HIV that cause AIDS? How does this cause the death of infected individuals?

19. What is a condition in a human that monoclonal antibodies can be used to determine?

20. What is a main antibody that crosses the placenta from mother to fetus?

21. Explain the difference between passive and active immunity.

22. What is the function of cytokines?

23. What types of cells are formed from clonal expansion of B cells?

24. What is an allergy?

25. What is anaphylactic shock and why is it a life threatening condition?

26. What does it mean that the immune system is able to recognize self from nonself?

27. What is the purpose of immunosuppressive drugs?

28. What types of immune system cells help cause rheumatoid arthritis?

29. What is xenotransplantation?

30. Should a person continue to receive vaccines after age 18?